Theabovediscussionshouldnot,however,,anddifferentialsinnonpecuniarygainsandinthecostsoflivingassociatedwithdifferentjobs,,ofcourse,,rather,oftheirneglectoftheflexibilityoflanduseandofthepertinentpropertyrightconstraints.[1].,"EconomicDevelopmentwithUnlimitedSuppliesofLabor."ManchesterSchoolofEconomicandSocialStudies(May,1954).Forgeneraldiscussionofthesehypotheses,seeBenjaminHiggins,EconomicDevelopment(NewYork:＆Company,1959),chaps.11-17;,"DisguisedUnemploymentinAgriculture,"inAgricultureinEconomicDevelopment,(NewYork:McGraw-HillBookCo.,1964);,TheEconomicsoftheUnderdevelopedCountries(London:Hutchinson＆Co.,1964);,"PeasantsandDualismwithorwithoutSurplusLabor,"JournalofPoliticalEconomy(October,1966).[2].Tsung-hanShen,AgriculturalDevelopmentonTaiwansinceWorldWarII(NewYork:,1964),pp.198-99.[3].See,forexample,,FarmersofFortyCenturies(Emmaus:OrganicGardeningPress,1900).Asanobserverin1900,King,,tookpainstounderstandfarmingtechniquesinAsia,,however,,forexample,Shen,AgriculturalDevelopmentonTaiwan;idem,AgriculturalResourcesofChina(NewYork:CornellUniversityPress,1951);andNien-tsingLu,AnAnalysisofFarmFamilyEconomyofOwner-OperatorsundertheLand-to-the-TillerPrograminTaiwan(Taipei:TheResearchDepartmentoftheBankofTaiwan,1965).Seealsochapter8ofthisstudy.[4].,LandUtilizationinChina(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1937),p.242.[5].EstimatesoflaborintensityrequiredfordifferentcropsareavailableinLu,AnalysisofFarmFamilyEconomy,pp.142-44;,"TheEffectsofPopulationPressureandSeasonalLaborSurplusonthePatternandIntensityofAgricultureinTaiwan,"mimeographed(1964).ThemarketvaluesforvegetablesandothercropsareavailableinShen,AgriculturalResourcesofChina,chap.24;andDepartmentofAgricultureandForestry,TaiwanAgriculturalYearbook.[6].Seechapter8,table3;andShen,AgriculturalResourcesofChina,-eightobservedsystemsofcroprotationlistedinLu,AnalysisofFarmFamilyEconomy,pp.124-34.[7].See,forexample,,"TheEconomicTheoryofaCommon-PropertyResource:TheFishery,"JournalofPoliticalEconomy(August,1954).SeealsoAnthonyBottomley,"TheEffectofCommonOwnershipofLanduponResourceAllocationinTripolitania,"LandEconomics(February,1963).APPENDIXBRentalPaymentsofFixedandShareContractsinChinaInthisappendixIseektoshowtwothings:thatrentalpercentagesvarywithlandgrades;andthatsharerentsaregenerallyslightlyhigherthanfixed(crop),obtainedfromChinesesourcespublishedinthe1930s,,(seechap.3).1.Intable9,rentalpercentagesofsevendifferentlandgradesintwenty-twoprovinces(China,1932),,(twenty-threeprovincesandsixgradesofland,China,1930),onlytwoexceptionsarefoundinatotalof124observations.[1]

,therentalpercentagedependsnotonlyonthefertilityofland,,somelandsmightgrowmore"minor",andtheirsharingdoesnotseemtohavebeenappropriatelyincluded.2.Intable10,,(China,1932),[2]inwhichfixedandsharerentsareexpressedinpercentagesoftheoutputyields,wefindafewexceptionsalso(fixedrentsbeinghigherthansharerents),butthedifferencesaregenerallysmall.