Inthiscaseweseethefermiers,athirdparty,interposingbetweenlandlordsandtenantstoprovideamorecertaininefortheformer.[17]Tomyknowledge,nosimilararrangementexistedinChina,thoughanotherpracticeprevailed（seenextsection）.InJapan,sharetenancyhasbeenrare;and,atthesametime,apulsorycropinsurancesystemhasbeenenforced.[18]

,,,onlythevari-ancesofphysicaloutputareputed,althoughvalueofoutputwouldbeamoreappropriatemeasure.Intable1,

,whereXiisthehectareyieldinkg.,.[19]

（1930-35）,sharerentisgenerallyslightlyhigherthanfixed（crop）rent,[20],takenseparately,,,,differentlegalarrangements,suchaspulsoryorsubsidizedcropinsurance,:differentmarketarrangementsalsoaffectthechoiceofcontractualforms.[1].Ifonlyoutrighttransfersexistforallresources,"owner".[2].,"TheNatureoftheFirm,"Economica（November,1937）.[3]..[4].Whilethisconcepthastheadvantageoftreatingriskasameasurablequantitythatcanbeconvenientlyappliedtoobservations,,forexample,JackHirshleifer,"InvestmentDecisionunderUncertainty:Choice-TheoreticApproaches,"QuarterlyJournalofEconomics（November,1965）.[5].Transactioncostsmayalsodependonotherfactors,suchasthenumberofparticipantsandtransactions,,forexample,,TransformingTraditionalAgriculture（NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,1964）,chap.11.[6].,"TheEconomicsofInformation,"JournalofPoliticalEconomy（June,1961）.[7].SeeHaroldDemsetz,"TheExchangeandEnforcementofPropertyRights."JournalofLawandEconomics（October,1964）.Demsetz',"TheAnatomyofMarketFailure,"QuarterlyJournalofEconomics（August,1958）.[8].,inapartmentrentalsthecostofutilitiesisfrequently"paid"byanamountaddedtotheapartmentrent;restaurantsservingbuffetsallowcustomerstoeatasmuchastheypleaseafterpayingalump-sumcovercharge.[9].Marginalinequalitywithinafirm,asinthecaseoflump-sumcharges,,ifthesamewaterresourceinotherusesisunderacontractthatstipulatesaunitprice,（asimpliedintheexampleoflump-sumcharges）,itispossibletodefineadifferentsetofmarginalquantitiesbyincorporatingtransactioncostsinsuchawaythatadifferentsetofmarginalequalitiescouldbeobtained.[10].ForthesituationinChina,,LandUtilizationinChina（Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1938）,,,LandReforminJapan（London:OxfordUniversityPress,1959）；forotherpartsofAsia,seesourcescitedinchapter1,notes10and14.[11].（seenextsection）areconsistentwiththisstatement.